Roubaix

Roubaix (French: [ʁubɛ] or [ʁube] ; Dutch: Robaais; West Flemish: Roboais) is a city in northern France, located in the Lille metropolitan area on the Belgian border. It is a historically mono-industrial commune[3] in the Nord department, which grew rapidly in the 19th century from its textile industries, with most of the same characteristic features as those of English and American boom towns.[4][5] This former new town has faced many challenges linked to deindustrialisation such as urban decay,[6] with their related economic and social implications, since its major industries fell into decline by the middle of the 1970s. Located to the northeast of Lille, adjacent to Tourcoing, Roubaix is the chef-lieu of two cantons and the third largest city in the French region of Hauts-de-France ranked by population with nearly 99,000 inhabitants.[7]

Together with the nearby cities of Lille, Tourcoing, Villeneuve-d'Ascq and eighty-six other communes,[8] Roubaix gives structure to a four-centred metropolitan area inhabited by more than 1.1 million people: the European Metropolis of Lille.[9][10][11] To a greater extent, Roubaix is in the center of a vast conurbation formed with the Belgian cities of Mouscron, Kortrijk and Tournai, which gave birth to the first European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation in January 2008, Lille–Kortrijk–Tournai with an aggregate population of over 2 million inhabitants.[12]

Roubaix occupies a central position on the north-east slope of the Métropole Européenne de Lille: it is set on the eastern side of Lille and the southern side of Tourcoing, close to the Belgian border. As regards towns' boundaries, Roubaix is encompassed by seven cities which constitute its immediate neighbouring environment. These municipalities are namely: Tourcoing to the north and the northwest, Wattrelos to the northeast, Leers to the east, Lys-lez-Lannoy to the southeast, Hem to the south and Croix to the southwest and the west. Roubaix, alongside those municipalities and twenty-one other communes, belongs to the land of Ferrain, a little district of the former Castellany of Lille between the Lys and Scheldt rivers.[13]

As the crow flies, the distance between Roubaix and the following cities is some odd: 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to Tournai, 18 kilometres (11 mi) to Kortrijk, 84 kilometres (52 mi) to Brussels and 213 kilometres (132 mi) to Paris.[14]

The plain upon which Roubaix lies, stretches on an east-west oriented shallow syncline axis which trends south-southeast to the Paleozoic limestone[15] of the Mélantois-Tournaisis faulted anticline.[16] This area consists predominantly of Holocene alluvial sediment depositions. It is flat and low, with an elevation drop of only 35 m (114 ft 10 in) over its 13.23 square kilometres (5.11 sq mi). The lowest altitude of this area stands at 17 m (55 ft 9+ 1 ⁄2  in), while its highest altitude is 52 m (170 ft 7 in) meters above the sea level.[17]

The Trichon stream fed by waters of the Espierre stream used to flow through the rural landscape of Roubaix before the industrialisation process began to alter this area in the middle of the 19th century.[18] From that century on, the ensuing industries, with their increasing needs for reliable supplies of goods and water, led to the building of an inland waterway connected upstream from the Deûle and downstream to the Marque and Espierre toward the Scheldt, which linked directly Roubaix to Lille.[19][20]

Opened in 1877,[21] the Canal de Roubaix crosses the town from its northern neighbourhoods to its eastern neighbourhoods and flows along the city's boundaries. The Canal de Roubaix closed in 1985, after more than a century in use.[22] Thank to the European funded project Blue Links, the waterway has been reopened to navigation since 2011.[23]

Despite some American statements that weather conditions in Roubaix were bad during the 19th century,[24][25] the area of the city is not known for undergoing unusual weather events. In regard to the town's geographical location[26] and the results of the Météo-France's weather station of Lille-Lesquin,[27][28] Roubaix is a temperate oceanic climate: while summer experiences mild temperatures, winter's temperatures may fall to below zero. Precipitation is infrequently intense.

The current city's name is most likely derived from Frankish rausa "reed" and baki "brook".[29][30][31] Therefore the meaning of Roubaix can, in all likelihood, find its origin on the banks of its three historical brooks: Espierre, Trichon and Favreuil.[32] The place was mentioned for the first time in a Latinised form in the 9th century: Villa Rusbaci.[30][31][33] Thereafter, the following names were in use: 1047 and 1106 Rubais, 1122 Rosbays, 1166 Rusbais, 1156 and 1202 Robais, 1223 Roubais.[30][34] Over the span of centuries, the name evolved to Roubaix as shown on Mercator's map of Flanders published at Leuven in 1540.[35]

Parallel to the official and usual name Roubaix, some translations are worth a mention. Firstly, though the city has never belonged to the Flemish-speaking area,[36] the seldom-heard renderings Robeke[37][38] and Roodebeeke[39] are documented for Roubaix.[40] Furthermore, the Dutch Language Union established Robaais as the city's proper Dutch name.[41] Lastly, one can cite Rosbacum as the definite Latin transcription of Roubaix which has been in use since the 19th century, as recorded on dedication statements sealed in the first stones of the foundations of the City Hall laid in 1840 and the Church of Notre Dame laid in 1842.[42]

Inhabitants of Roubaix are known in English as "Roubaisians" and in French as Roubaisiens (pronounced [ʁu.bɛ.zjɛ̃ ] ) or in the feminine form Roubaisiennes (pronounced [ʁu.bɛ.zjɛn] ), also natively called Roubaignos (pronounced [ʁu.bɛ.njo] ) or in the feminine form Roubaignoses (pronounced [ʁu.bɛ.njoz] ).[43][44][45]

The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known through the population censuses carried out in the town since 1793 and the research study of Louis-Edmond Marissal, Clerk of the Peace of the city, published in 1844.[46] Roubaix evolved into a provincial market town until the end of the Early modern period with a census population of 4,715 inhabitants in 1716.[46] By the late 18th century, the city began to emerge as regional textile manufacturing centre and its population increased, reaching a level of 8,091 in 1800. As a result of the industrialisation process of the 19th century, the need of workers was supplied by rural flight as well as immigration. Belgian settlement was a feature of the Roubaisian life at that time.[49][50]

During the first-half period of the 19th century, Roubaix ranked the first French town in terms of population growth rate with a five times increase,[51] whereas in the remaining period of this century its population doubled. Within this last time framework, Belgian immigration appeared to be one of the major factor to explain the significantly high population growth, with 30,465 Belgian inhabitants counted in 1866 and 42,103 in 1872.[52] Nonetheless, the rate of natural increase shew to be a more important component of the population growth in that period.[53]

At the 20th century threshold, the Roubaisian population reached a peak of 124,661, from which it progressively declined over the successive decades. Occupied by German troops from October 1914 to October 1918, Roubaix belonged to the combat zone of the Western Front during the First World War.[54] Over this occupation period, Roubaisians suffered from dearth, deportation for compulsory labour and unusual casualties[55] with a rather slight population drop from 122,723 to 113,265 between the 1911 and 1921 censuses.[56]

The population of the city was 98,828 as of January 2019.[7] This enables Roubaix to remain the third largest municipality in the region Hauts-de-France, after Lille and Amiens.

Although the region of Roubaix was subjected many times to the domination of Flanders' rulers throughout its history, Roubaisians have used a local Picard variant as the language of everyday life for centuries. This spoken vernacular is locally known as Roubaignot.[57][58] Until the early 20th century this patois prevailed.[59] Therefore, French language progressive penetration into local culture should not only be analysed as a result of the industrialisation and urbanisation of the area but should also be considered in terms of public education policies.[44][60]

The city of Roubaix is divided into six Catholic parishes and belongs to the deanery of the same name in the archdiocese of Lille.

In the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War and the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, many Jews left their homes and emigrated.[61][62] Jewish arrival in Roubaix derives from that bitter period of history.[63][64] At the time, the new immigrant community, even though its small size, dedicated a building to Jewish faith and liturgical practises.[64][65][66] The newly opened synagogue, located in a house at number 51 on the narrow rue des Champs,[64][66] operated more than 60 years, until 1939, when it was closed under imprecise local circumstances as the Nazi regime took over in Europe.[66][67] Despite the closure of the synagogue, the occupation and police raids,[note 1][69] the local practise of Judaism saw a humble revival after the war which lasted until the start of the 1990s when the modest Jewry of Roubaix handed over its Sefer Torah to the care of the Jewish community of Lille.[67] Roubaix has no longer been home to a Jewish place of worship since that event.[70] The house inside which the first one was created 123 years ago, has been demolished since an urban renewal project occurred in 2000.[64] On September 10, 2015, the mayor unveiled a commemorative plaque on the rue des Champs, as a tribute to the Roubaisian Jewry, in memory of the religious purpose of this previous building.[67]

As of August 2013 there were six mosques in the town, including one under construction. According to estimates by the mayor's office, around 20,000 people, or about 20 percent of the population were Muslims.[71] Four areas of the cemetery were designated for Muslims.[72]

During the second half of the 20th century, the city took in Buddhist communities from originally Buddhist countries in the Southeast Asian peninsula including Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam.[73] Within this background Roubaix has brought together two Buddhist traditions on its territory, hence cultural variations across communities: Mahāyāna and Theravāda with, respectively, one and four places of worship.[74]

During the Middle Age, the city grew in a northward-facing semicircle around its primitive core, beyond the area spread out between the church Saint Martin and the former fortified castle. The existence of this south boundary remained until the 18th century and marked an urban expansion which mainly occurred on the western and northern sides of the town.[75] Increasing industrialisation, land transport improvement, continued population growth and the resulting need for suitable low cost lands for housing and manufacturing plants, all of which finally led to expand the city southward from the centre, in the 19th century.[76]

Roubaix grouped four cantons from 1988 to 2012. Since then, this number has fallen to two with Roubaix 1 and Roubaix 2. After the last redistricting of French legislative constituencies in 2010, the city is now divided into two constituencies: Nord's 7th constituency which include the former canton of Roubaix-Ouest and Nord's 8th constituency formed by the following former cantons: Roubaix-Centre, Roubaix-Nord and Roubaix-Est.

Roubaix is twinned with:[83]

Remarkable buildings, old brick factories and warehouses abound in this once renowned city which was esteemed to be a worldwide textile capital in the early years of the 20th century.[91] Thus, the city inherited one of the most architectural works in the French history and culture of the 19th century Industrial Revolution and was designated Town of Art and History on December 13, 2000.[92] Ever since the Ministry of Culture endowed Roubaix with this label, the city has entered the 21st century by promoting its cultural standing as the inheritance of its industrial and social history.[93]

Several profane or sacral buildings of Roubaix are registered as historic monuments.

Barbieux health centre

ENSAIT

Prouvost private mansion

Art nouveau house

Three-storey stately house

Rémy Cogghe's house

Law court

Huchon water tower

National Archives of the Working World

Convent of Clarisses

Deconsecrated Church Notre-Dame

Church Saint-Martin

The city has been the place where illustrious names of French sculptors put their skills to create memorial monuments since the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century. After a long slack period 2010 introduced a shift in the genre with the unveiling of Wim Delvoye's Discobolos, a statue of modern art conceived as a welcoming sign to a neighbourhood of the city.[94] The sculptures and memorial monuments in Roubaix which deserve notice for their historical or artistical interest are mentioned below.

Roubaix has been home to two major museums of the region Hauts-de-France since the beginning of the 21st century: La Piscine[note 11] and La Manufacture;[note 12] inheriting both of the local socioeconomic history. La Piscine, also known as the Musée d'Art & d'Industrie André Diligent,[note 13] is one of the most lauded cultural attractions in northern France. This museum is housed in the Art Deco-style former swimming pool of Roubaix, a building remodelled in 2000 to accommodate and exhibit 19th and 20th century collections of the city.[note 14] After being closed for two years of renovation works and extension, it was reopened to the public in October 2018, becoming more successful than ever before.[106] La Manufacture is the reference textile museum in northern France. It is hosted in an old weaving factory.

The most prestigious names of painters, who made their reputation in Roubaix from the middle of the 19th century to the early 20th century are Jean-Joseph Weerts[99] and Rémy Cogghe.[107]

From the end of the Second World War to the beginning of the 1970s, a casual group of young artists from Roubaix and the surrounding region was formed and given the name Groupe de Roubaix.[108][109][110] Two painters commonly associated with the group are Arthur Van Hecke and Eugène Leroy.[111][112][113]

Anxious to restore the prestige of northern France's textile industry and operating under the label of Maisons de Mode, the cities of Lille and Roubaix have created spaces for new fashion designers to thrive since 2007. The Roubaisian location, next to La Piscine museum, is known as Le Vestiaire.[note 15] There are fifteen boutiques and fashion studios housed in an old industrial building.[114]

The city of Roubaix was the filming location (mostly or partly) of the following films:

Roubaix has an old sporting heritage[137] and is home to the finishing of one of the world's oldest races of professional road cycling at its velodrome: Paris–Roubaix, known as the Hell of the North. While Roubaix is famous for its velodrome, there is more to this city than the cycling sports facilities.

The building of indoor and outdoor sports amenities in the city should be associated with its era of economic rise during the industrial revolution, in addition to the development of local sporting clubs and associations.[138]

In October 2021 Roubaix hosted the 2021 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

During the 19th century, Roubaix acquired an international reputation for textile industry and wool production. In the 1970s and 1980s, international competition and automation caused an industrial decline and resulted in the closure of many factories. From that moment on and since the implementation of the French urban policy in the early 1980s, around three-fourths of the town's territory has been regularly assigned specific zoning designations as well as health and welfare plans.[139]

Roubaix's high level of unemployment is a consequence of the desindustrialisation. The town is listed among France's poorest cities.[93][140] Successive local governments have tried to address difficulties associated with deindustrialisation by attracting new industries, making the most of the town's cultural credentials[93] and organising a strong student presence on different campuses. While undergoing conversion efforts, the city is experimenting with new models and able to take advantage of successful economic stories, with online retail and information technology, and seems to be on the way to reverse the decades of decline.[141]

Nowadays, local textile companies are focussing on developing high-tech textile products.

Mail order companies of international renown such as La Redoute,[142] Damart[143][144] and 3 Suisses,[145][146] stemmed from textile industries which were founded in Roubaix. Showroomprive.com has been locally established since 2016 as an e-commerce company that specialises in online flash sales.

A22 autoroute, a French part of the European route E17 from Burgundy to Antwerp, is the only motorway, within a motorway roads network of the highest density in France after Paris, which passes by Roubaix.

The Gare de Roubaix railway station offers connections to Antwerp, Lille, Ostend, Paris and Tourcoing.

The city is also served by the Lille Metro.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s desindustrialisation dramatically influenced major urban landscapes across the arrondissement of Lille.[149] Large areas of brownfield land came to mark the city of Roubaix. With the support of the local and national government programs, these areas are acquired and gradually restored or rebuilt.

Roubaix has one of the most efficient biomass district heating plant in France[150] and is therefore among the most advanced cities for sustainability in Hauts-de-France. Since 2014, the city has been engaged in several related initiatives aimed at moving to a circular economy and a zero waste future.[151]