Cornucopia

In classical antiquity, the cornucopia (/ˌ k ɔːr n j ə ˈ k oʊ p i ə , ˌ k ɔːr n ə -, ˌ k ɔːr n u -, ˌ k ɔːr n j u -/ ), from Latin cornu (horn) and copia (abundance), also called the horn of plenty, was a symbol of abundance and nourishment, commonly a large horn-shaped container overflowing with produce, flowers, or nuts.

Baskets or panniers of this form were traditionally used in western Asia and Europe to hold and carry newly harvested food products. The horn-shaped basket would be worn on the back or slung around the torso, leaving the harvester's hands free for picking.

Mythology offers multiple explanations of the origin of the cornucopia. One of the best-known involves the birth and nurturance of the infant Zeus, who had to be hidden from his devouring father Cronus. In a cave on Mount Ida on the island of Crete, baby Zeus was cared for and protected by a number of divine attendants, including the goat Amaltheia ("Nourishing Goddess"), who fed him with her milk. The sucking future king of the gods had unusual abilities and strength, and in playing with his nursemaid accidentally broke off one of her horns, which then had the divine power to provide unending nourishment, as the foster mother had to the god.[1]

In another myth, the cornucopia was created when Heracles (Roman Hercules) wrestled with the river god Achelous and ripped off one of his horns; river gods were sometimes depicted as horned.[2] This version is represented in the Achelous and Hercules mural painting by the American Regionalist artist Thomas Hart Benton.

The cornucopia became the attribute of several Greek and Roman deities, particularly those associated with the harvest, prosperity, or spiritual abundance, such as personifications of Earth (Gaia or Terra); the child Plutus, god of riches and son of the grain goddess Demeter; the nymph Maia; and Fortuna, the goddess of luck, who had the power to grant prosperity. In Roman Imperial cult, abstract Roman deities who fostered peace (pax Romana) and prosperity were also depicted with a cornucopia, including Abundantia, "Abundance" personified, and Annona, goddess of the grain supply to the city of Rome. Hades, the classical ruler of the underworld in the mystery religions, was a giver of agricultural, mineral and spiritual wealth, and in art often holds a cornucopia.[3]

In modern depictions, the cornucopia is typically a hollow, horn-shaped wicker basket filled with various kinds of festive fruit and vegetables. In most of North America, the cornucopia has come to be associated with Thanksgiving and the harvest. Cornucopia is also the name of the annual November Food and Wine celebration in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. Two cornucopias are seen in the flag and state seal of Idaho. The Great Seal of North Carolina depicts Liberty standing and Plenty holding a cornucopia. The coat of arms of Colombia, Panama, Peru and Venezuela, and the Coat of Arms of the State of Victoria, Australia, also feature the cornucopia, symbolizing prosperity.

In Terry Pratchett's Discworld series of fantasy novels, the witch Tiffany Aching was briefly in possession of the Cornucopia which is badge of office of Summer, when she contracted avatarism as well as ped fecundis during the events of Wintersmith. This causes problems by spurting out food and animals, including a massive flock of chickens.

The motif of the cornucopia is used in the book series The Hunger Games. In the eponymous gladiatorial games described in the series, a large horn-like cache filled with weapons and equipment is placed at the starting point: this cache serves as the focal point of fighting during the games' first minutes, and is even called the "Cornucopia". In the film adaptation, the national anthem of Panem, the series' primary setting, is called "the Horn of Plenty", which is mentioned several times in the lyrics.

The horn of plenty is used for body art and at Halloween, as it is a symbol of fertility, fortune and abundance.[4]

Statue of a Ptolemaic queen, perhaps Cleopatra VII, 200–30 BC, dolomitic limestone

2nd century statuette of the Hellenistic god Harpocrates with a cornucopia, in Dion's Archaeological Museum (Dion, Greece)

Statue of Fortuna, Roman copy after a Greek original from the 4th century BC

Allegory of Peace, by Girolamo Campagna, late 16th–early 17th century, after models from circa 1585–86, bronze

L’Abondance par Coysevox, by Antoine Coysevox, a sculpture at the Palace of Versailles

Personification of the Americas with an alligator, a parrot, and a cornucopia, all symbols of the New World

Cornucopia in the Statue of Flora in Szczecin, Poland

Louis XVI style armchair with a pair of cornucopia, in the Cabinet Doré de la Reine of the Palace of Versailles

Pair of cornucopia in the Opéra national de Lorraine from Nancy

Stuccos with pairs of cornucopia, in the BCR Headquarters Building from Bucharest, Romania

The Coat of arms of Colombia

Coat of arms of Copiapó, Chile

Seal of Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines

Seal of North Carolina

Coat of arms of Huntingdonshire, England

Coat of arms of Peru

Coat of arms of Kharkiv, Ukraine

Europe, forcing the wild bull on its knees and pouring out the cornucopia with the blessings of prosperity, Saarlouis, Town Hall